Types of Solar Panels & How to Choose the Right Ones
When it comes to solar energy, not all panels are created equal. While most solar panels may look similar on the surface, the materials, efficiency, design, and ideal use cases can vary significantly. Choosing the right type of solar panel can impact everything from your system’s long-term performance to your upfront installation cost.
Whether you're a homeowner maximizing limited roof space or a commercial property manager outfitting a large flat-roof facility, understanding the different types of solar panels (and the solar cells they use) is a critical first step toward an informed investment in solar power.
In this blog, we’ll cover:
The differences between monocrystalline, polycrystalline, and thin-film solar panels
How solar cell types like crystalline silicon and amorphous silicon impact performance
Key factors like efficiency, cost, lifespan, and temperature coefficient
What to consider when choosing a panel for your home or business
Supporting technologies such as photovoltaic cells, solar batteries, and solar array design
What Are the Main Types of Solar Panels?
There are three main types of solar panels commonly used in residential, commercial, and industrial installations:
Monocrystalline solar panels
Polycrystalline solar panels
Thin-film solar panels
Each is built using a distinct type of photovoltaic cell, which directly affects the panel’s efficiency, appearance, weight, and ideal applications.
Monocrystalline Solar Panels
What They Are
Monocrystalline panels are made from a single, high-purity crystalline silicon crystal. They use monocrystalline silicon solar cells, which are cut from cylindrical ingots and shaped into wafers. These cells give the panel its uniform black appearance and smooth texture.
Key Benefits
High efficiency: Often 20% or higher, meaning more energy is produced per square foot.
Compact footprint: Ideal for rooftops with limited space.
Durability and lifespan: Typically last 25–30 years or longer with minimal degradation.
Sleek appearance: Aesthetic appeal for residential roofs or architecturally sensitive installations.
Best For
Homeowners or businesses looking for maximum efficiency and performance, especially when roof space is limited and long-term value is a priority.
Polycrystalline Solar Panels
What They Are
Polycrystalline panels are made from multiple fragments of silicon melted together to form the solar cells. This manufacturing method gives each polycrystalline cell a speckled blue appearance and square-cut shape. They are also made from crystalline silicon, but with less purity and structure compared to monocrystalline.
Key Benefits
Lower cost: More affordable to manufacture, offering a lower upfront price.
Reliable performance: While slightly less efficient (typically 15–17%) than monocrystalline panels, they still provide steady output.
Good value for mid-range projects: Great ROI for installations with ample space.
Best For
Residential and small commercial customers who want a solid balance between performance and cost, especially in areas where space isn't a constraint.
Thin-Film Solar Panels
What They Are
Thin-film panels are created by layering photovoltaic materials—such as cadmium telluride (CdTe), amorphous silicon solar cells, or copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS)—onto a surface like glass, metal, or plastic. These materials serve as the thin-film solar cell itself, without the rigid crystalline structure found in traditional silicon panels.
Key Benefits
Flexible form factor: Can be applied to curved or uneven surfaces.
Lightweight: Easier to install on structures that can’t support heavy loads.
Superior low-light performance: Performs better than crystalline panels in overcast or shaded conditions.
Lower efficiency (10–13%): Requires more surface area for the same power output.
Best For
Commercial buildings with large roof areas, specialty structures (like RVs or carports), or unconventional installations where flexibility and low weight matter more than peak efficiency.
How to Choose the Right Solar Panel Type
Selecting the best solar panel for your project depends on your unique goals and constraints. Here are a few guiding questions to consider:
How Much Space do you Have Available?
If space is tight, go for high-efficiency monocrystalline panels.
What’s Your Budget?
If you're looking to minimize initial costs, polycrystalline panels can offer strong performance at a lower price.
What Type of Structure are you Installing on?
For nontraditional surfaces or lightweight structures, thin-film panels might be the best fit.
Is Appearance Important?
Monocrystalline panels typically have the most uniform, sleek look.
What are Your Long-Term Goals?
If you plan to stay in your home or building for decades, paying more upfront for longer-lasting panels could be worth it.
Comparing Solar Panel Types at a Glance
| Feature | Monocrystalline | Polycrystalline | Thin-Film |
|---|---|---|---|
| Efficiency Range | 18-22% | 15-17% | 10-13% |
| Cost | $$$ (higher) | $$ (moderate) | $ (lower) |
| Appearance | Black, uniform | Blue, speckled | Matte black or dark gray |
| Lifespan | 25-30+ years | 20-25 years | 10-20 years |
| Best Use Case | Limited space, high ROI | Cost-conscious individuals | Large-scale or specialty sites |
| Flexibility/Weight | Rigid, heavier | Rigid, moderate weight | Lightweight, flexible |
| Solar Cell Type | Single-crystal silicon | Multi-crystal silicon | Non-crystalline (CdTe, a-Si, etc.) |
| Temperature Coefficient* | Low (better in heat) | Moderate | Varies by material |
*Note: A lower temperature coefficient means better performance in high-heat environments, which is especially important for warm climates.
Additional Considerations for Your Solar System
The type of panel you choose is just one part of a complete solar system. You'll also need to consider:
Solar array design: The number and configuration of panels required to meet your energy needs.
Solar battery storage: For systems that require backup power or off-grid capability, pairing your array with a reliable solar battery, like the FranklinWH or Tesla Powerwall, can increase independence and energy security.
Solar energy technologies: Inverters, optimizers, and monitoring tools are all critical to maximizing output and maintaining system performance over time.
Final Thoughts
Not all solar panels are the same, and that’s a good thing. With the right information, you can find a solar solution that meets your performance needs, aesthetic preferences, and budget. Whether you're planning a compact rooftop installation on your home or an expansive commercial solar panel installation, understanding the types of solar panels and the solar cell technologies behind them will help you make a smarter, more tailored investment.
Still unsure which panel is right for your project? A certified solar installer like Earthlight Tech can evaluate your site and energy goals to recommend the best solution.